UDC: 
DOI: 
10.22389/0016-7126-2026-1027-1-49-58
1 Efimov G.N.
2 Zabnev V.I.
3 Zubinskiy V.I.
4 Kaftan V.I.
5 Pobedinskiy G.G.
6 Popadyev V.V.
Year: 
№: 
1027
Pages: 
49-58

Russian Society of Geodesy, Cartography and Land Management (Rosgeokart)

1, 

Roskadastr, PLC

2, 
3, 
6, 

RAS Geophysical Center

4, 

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

5, 
Abstract:
2025 is the year of the 25th anniversary of establishing the unified State Geodetic Coordinate System in 1995 (SK-95). The introduction of a new high-precision coordinate system in 2000, which makes it possible to improve the level of the state geodetic support system qualitatively, caused a large number of responses from specialists. But in many articles, critical reviews on the accuracy of implementing the SK-95, the efficiency and timeliness of its introduction were and are still being expressed. The publication reveal the reasons, methods, and results of developing the SK-95, as well as the general principles for a modern geodetic support system. The work on creating and equalization of the Doppler Geodetic Network, used in separate fragments over a period of almost ten years from 1984 to 1993, is described in detail. Organizational, scientific and technical measures for the introduction of the SK-95 coordinate system are considered, including alignment of class 3 and 4 networks and compilation of geodetic points catalogues corresponding to the 1 : 200 000 scale map sheets
References: 
1.   Bazlov Yu.A., Gerasimov A.P., Efimov G.N., Nasretdinov K.K. (1996) Coordinate Systems Interrelation Parameters Calculation. Geodezia i Kartografia, 57(8), pp. 6-7.
2.   Bovshin N.A., Zubinskiy V.I., Ostach O.M. (1995) Simultaneous Adjustment of State Control Networks. Geodezia i Kartografia, 56(8), pp. 6–16.
3.   Borodko A.V., Efimov G.N. (2001) Оn Organization of Work Aimed at Introduction of SK-95 Reference System. Geodezia i Kartografia, 62(1), pp. 26-32.
4.   Dem'yanov G.V., Majorov A.N., Pobedinskij G.G. Problemy nepreryvnogo sovershenstvovaniya GGS i geocentricheskoj sistemy koordinat Rossii (nachalo). Geoprofi, 2011, no. 2, pp. 11–13. URL: http://www.geoprofi.ru/default.aspx?mode=binary&id=1381
5.   Dem'yanov G.V., Majorov A.N., Pobedinskij G.G. Problemy nepreryvnogo sovershenstvovaniya GGS i geocentricheskoj sistemy koordinat Rossii (prodolzhenie). Geoprofi, 2011, no. 3, pp. 21–29. URL: http://www.geoprofi.ru/default.aspx?mode=binary&id=1405
6.   Dem'yanov G.V., Majorov A.N., Pobedinskij G.G. Problemy nepreryvnogo sovershenstvovaniya GGS i geocentricheskoj sistemy koordinat Rossii (okonchanie). Geoprofi, 2011, no. 4, pp. 49–55. URL: http://www.geoprofi.ru/default.aspx?mode=binary&id=1421
7.   Drazhnyuk A.A., Lazarev S.A., Makarenko N.L., Demyanov G.V., Zubinskiy V.I., Efimov G.A., Maksimov V.G. (1998) Complition of Adjustment and Introduction of a New State System of Geodetic Coordinates. Geodezia i Kartografia, 59(12), pp. 1-5.
8.   Efimov G. N. K 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya L. A. Kashina. URL: https://clck.ru/3RJsJ3 (accessed: 15.10.2025).
9.   Efimov G.N. (1995) Results of Astronomic-Geodetic Network Adjustment. Geodezia i Kartografia, 56(8), pp. 17–22.
10.   Zabnev V. I., Dem'yanov G. V. Sistema i struktura geodezicheskogo obespecheniya na osnove primeneniya sistem GPS i GLONASS. Problemy razrabotki i ispol'zovaniya geograficheskikh informatsionnykh sistem. GIS DV: Sb. materialov, Khabarovsk: FGUP «Dal'nevostochnoe aerogeodezicheskoe predpriyatie», 2008, pp. 38–41.
11.   Kashin L. A. Postroenie klassicheskoi astronomo-geodezicheskoi seti Rossii i SSSR (1816–1991 gg.). Nauchno-tekhnicheskii i istoricheskii obzor. Moskva: Kartgeotsentr-Geodezizdat, 1999, 192 p.
12.   Makarenko N. L., Dem'yanov G. V. Sistema koordinat SK–95 i puti dal'neishego razvitiya gosudarstvennoi geodezicheskoi seti. Informatsionnyi byulleten' GIS-Assotsiatsii, 2002, no. 1–2, pp. 59–60.
13.   Makarenko N. L., Dem'yanov G. V. Sistema koordinat SK-95 i puti dal'neishego razvitiya gosudarstvennoi geodezicheskoi seti. Marksheiderskii vestnik, 2007, no. 4 (62), pp. 66–68.
14.   (2002) About the introduction of coordinates system SK-95. Geodezia i Kartografia, 63(9), pp. 1–4.
15.   Obidenko V. I. Edinoe vysokotochnoe gomogennoe koordinatnoe prostranstvo territorii i mestnye sistemy koordinat: puti garmonizatsii. Vestnik of SSUGT, 2020, Vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 46–62. DOI: 10.33764/2411-1759-2020-25-2-46-62.
16.   Obidenko V.I. (2024) Updating the RF entities’ local coordinate systems, created from CS-95, based on SCS-2011. Geodezia i Kartografia, 85(6), pp. 2-13. (In Russian). DOI: 10.22389/0016-7126-2024-1008-6-2-13.
17.   Pobedinskii G. G. Leonid Andreevich Kashin i normativno-tekhnicheskoe regulirovanie v sfere geodezii i kartografii. URL: https://clck.ru/3RJumb (accessed: 15.10.2025).
18.   Pobedinskii G.G., Kaftan V.I. Sistemy koordinat global’nye, kontinental’nye, regional’nye, natsional’nye: sostoyanie, problemy, perspektivy. Nauki o zemle, 2020, no. 3, pp. 4–59.
19.   Popad'jov V. V., Efimov G. N., Zubinskij V. I. Geodezicheskaya sistema koordinat 2011 goda. Astronomiya, geodeziya i geofizika: Nauchno-tehnicheskij sbornik, Moskva: FGBU «Tsentr geodezii, kartografii i IPD», 2018, pp. 139–228.
Citation:
Efimov G.N., 
Zabnev V.I., 
Zubinskiy V.I., 
Kaftan V.I., 
Pobedinskiy G.G., 
Popadyev V.V., 
(2026) The geodetic coordinate system of 1995. Geodesy and cartography = Geodeziya i Kartografiya, 87(1), pp. 49-58. (In Russian). DOI: 10.22389/0016-7126-2026-1027-1-49-58